Propagandists continue to resort to conspiracy theories to justify Russia’s aggression against Ukraine and to explain world events. In particular, they use a conspiracy theory that Britain and France are allegedly orchestrating coups around the world to profit from oligarchs by bribing elites who support a military takeover. Conspiracy theorists claim that the coups are allegedly financed with the money, thugs, and weapons of the aforementioned states. At the same time, democracies are portrayed as vulnerable to corruption, and authoritarianism is presented as a superior and divinely justified type of government.

Adapting the theory to the recent protests in Georgia and Syria, propagandists argue that these protest movements are supposedly the result of external influence, when Western states, through bribery of elites and support for opposition groups, seek to destabilize political regimes in order to achieve their own interests. In Georgia, in particular, conspiracy theorists see the “hand of the EU” through funding for civil society projects. In Syria, Western support for the opposition and rebels can also be interpreted through the prism of this theory as part of a “global strategy of manipulation and coups”.

Russia uses this theory to justify its aggression against Ukraine, claiming that Western powers, through their agents, financial and political interests, are inciting destabilization in Ukraine. This is how they explain, in particular, the events of Euromaidan. Russian propaganda claims that by bribing the elites and supporting the protests, the West supposedly wants to create chaos in Ukraine and uses it as a tool to achieve its own goals. Thus, conspiracy theorists and propagandists justify the Russian invasion of Ukraine, presenting it as protection against the “threat from the West”.

This theory is part of Russian propaganda, which tries to shift the responsibility for aggression onto Western states and their influence. The reality is that Russia is an aggressor that violates international law and the territorial integrity of other states. Protests in Ukraine and other states are the result of internal reasons, such as the political and economic situation, and not external incitement. Western states, European and international institutions, on the contrary, support Ukraine in its right to self-determination and sovereignty.

The FSB said it had detained a Russian for drug production under the alleged supervision of Ukrainians, and the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs accused a Ukrainian of organizing fraud through crypto machines. However, no evidence supports these claims.

This is reported by the Centre for Strategic Communication and Information Security. Its experts found that such stories have already become a standard part of the Russian information campaign aimed at shaping the image of Ukraine as the source of all internal problems. This strategy dates back to 2022, when stories about drug labs and groups allegedly overseen by Ukraine’s Security Service (SBU) began appearing in the media. Since then, the so-called Ukrainian trace has been systematically linked to fraud, terrorism, drug trafficking, and other issues in Russia.

An example is the story of the “Moscow Escobar”, who, according to propagandists, operated under the control of the SBU, but was later identified as a participant in Kremlin celebrations. Other cases include phone scammers, arson attacks on military registration and enlistment offices, unrest in Dagestan, and even cryptographic crimes.

Such accusations are part of a long-term campaign that not only fuels hostility toward Ukraine but also creates the illusion of an all-powerful enemy among Russians. This can lead to increased public paranoia as propagandists continue to present new “evidence” of Ukraine's involvement in Russia’s troubles on a daily basis.

Propagandists continue to resort to conspiracy theories to justify Russia's aggression against Ukraine. In the midst of the theories, they spread a conspiracy scenario in which Russia is credited with a special historical role in restoring a “just” order.

In particular, in their opinion, a return to the “golden era” of Russia is possible only through a dictatorship, which will supposedly allow for large-scale reforms, cleanse society of the “fifth column” and ensure a fair distribution of resources. To do this, they use phrases like “Moscow is the third Rome” and compare current leaders with dictators of the past, such as Stalin, who supposedly proved the effectiveness of dictatorship in difficult times. They also note the need to create a new currency, namely “energy money”. Therefore, the conspiracy theorists establish that the establishment of a new economic system means that everyone will allegedly receive only what they earned, according to the energy expended, and no banks will exist. At the last BRICS forum, Russia already proposed introducing a common currency for the bloc members, which could be a step towards implementing this idea. All this is proof that Russia is the center of a new era: thanks to the “brilliant strategy” of its leader, Russia will challenge the West, renew the empire and lead the new world order.

Promoting the idea of a revived empire and Russia’s “world mission”, it justifies the annexation of Crimea, aggression in Donbas, and full-scale invasion as a “necessary process of historical restoration”. The theory positions Ukraine as an obstacle to a new era, portraying it as a puppet of the West and a source of chaos. By appealing to imperial pride, the idea of “gathering lands” under a dictatorship motivates Russians to support the war and the political regime. The creation of an image of an “external enemy” (the West) and “internal traitors” (the opposition) provides grounds for political persecution in Russia itself. This ideology serves both domestic propaganda and external attempts to discredit Ukraine before the international community.

This conspiracy theory claims that Western intelligence agencies, together with secret groups (the Freemasons), allegedly deliberately tried to bring people with "mental disabilities" to power in Russia in order to create a "fifth column" to weaken the state internally. According to adherents of this theory, such manipulations allow the West to bloodlessly conquer society and take control of the country. They say this has already happened in the Baltic countries and Moldova. Supporters of this theory are convinced that only a “small fry” of officials loyal to Russia under the leadership of Putin, a “real hero”, resist Western influence, saving the country from collapse.

There is no evidence to support the claim that the West secretly controls governments and allegedly installs “mentally defective” people into power en masse. Political decisions in most countries often contradict Western policies. In addition, although the Baltics and Moldova have experienced difficulties since the collapse of the USSR, their current state is the result of their own internal policies, not external “undermining”. The use of the image of a “hero fighting for the country” contributes to the division of society and reinforces the idea of the need for an external enemy to bring division and weaken the state. This is a common propaganda technique for strengthening authoritarian control.

Russia uses this conspiracy theory to justify its aggressive actions against Ukraine and to give them a supposedly “defensive” character. Within this conspiracy theory, the Ukrainian government is portrayed as a “Western-controlled” force that threatens Russian influence and “traditional values”. By claiming that the West is “coercing” post-Soviet states into submission, Russian propaganda justifies the invasion of Ukraine as a supposedly necessary response to an imaginary threat. It also serves as a tool to mobilize support among the population due to fears of losing national identity.

The conspiracy theory of the Anaconda plan or the Anaconda loop allegedly describes a Western strategy aimed at completely isolating Russia by creating a belt of “hostile states” along Russia’s borders. This concept is based on the American tactics of the Civil War of the 1860s, when the North blockaded the South to destroy its economy and win. The modern version of the plan in this theory is attributed by conspiracy theorists to American political scientist Zbigniew Brzezinski, who in his book The Grand Chessboard noted the importance of “geopolitical control” to weaken Russia. The theory is now being spread by Kremlin-affiliated think tanks and research institutions.

According to conspiracy theorists, the strategy involves two main stages:

The Intermarium Project: the formation of a bloc of Eastern European states that would unite Poland, the Baltic States, Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova and the Balkans. The goal of this bloc would be to create a buffer zone between Russia and Western Europe, completely isolating Russia in the Baltic and Black Sea region.

Great Turan: An idea that would unite Turkey, the Turkic countries and the Central Asian regions (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, Northern Iran, Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan) in a cultural and political union that would, in theory, join NATO. This would form a second “belt” around Russia to the south.

However, this theory is not based on confirmed facts and is the result of Russian propaganda. Zbigniew Brzezinski did discuss geopolitical strategies in his works, but he never proposed creating a ring of hostile states around Russia. Real initiatives of international cooperation, intersecting in their features with the description in the theory or cooperation of Eastern European countries, are aimed at supporting sovereignty and security, and not at isolating or blockading Russia. In essence, this theory is a classic example of conspiracy thinking, seeking to find “hidden” explanations in the broad strategic plans of the West, exaggerating the threat and forming an image of the enemy for domestic consumption.

Propagandists use this theory to justify aggression, particularly against Ukraine, by emphasizing that Moscow is supposedly forced to “defend itself” against an artificially created threat from the West and South. They use this conspiracy theory to increase anti-Western sentiments among Russians, strengthen authoritarian measures at home, and strengthen unity in confronting the enemy created by propagandists.

The “dead internet” theory has been gaining popularity in certain circles since around 2016. It is based on the idea that the real internet has ceased to exist, with real users gradually being replaced by bots and algorithms created by corporations or governments. According to this theory, online content has become an illusion — most news, social media posts, and commentary are allegedly generated by artificial intelligence to manipulate public opinion, control the population, or spread disinformation. Accordingly, human users are trapped in closed information zones where they interact with fake bot profiles.

In reality, the Internet is too decentralized for any one government or corporation to fully control it. Millions of users from all over the world create content every day, which is verified by analytics and statistics from social networks and websites. In addition, initiatives such as volunteer movements, mass protests, or information campaigns on social networks are verified by live reports and testimonies of participants. They are the result of real public activity, not the work of bots or algorithms. Social media platforms such as Facebook actively work to detect bots and fake accounts.

Russian disinformation amplifies this theory in order to discredit Western and Ukrainian sources of information. In this way, propagandists promote the idea that international support for Ukraine is the result of bot manipulation, rather than a reflection of real public sentiment. In addition, they try to convince the Ukrainian audience that online activity, including volunteer initiatives, is only part of an information special operation by special services or external actors. The dissemination of such ideas undermines trust in information sources and disorients the population, which is one of the targets of the information war against Ukraine.

Information is being spread on Russian social networks that a private clinic has posted ads looking for a doctor and a driver-courier to work in frontline cities. Anonymous users report that these vacancies are likely related to the removal of organs from the front or semi-legal cooperation between Ukrainian military personnel and private clinics.

But this is a fake. The ads contain numerous inaccuracies, the phone number belongs to another person. Using keywords, our fact-checking colleagues found the vacancies shown in the screenshots, all of them were published by a user named Viktor Glushko. The ad from the first screenshot was removed from the SellBuyAll.com.ua website, but Glushko published a vacancy for an anesthesiologist-resuscitator on the same website. It is noteworthy that an ad with identical content on the same website was published by an account with the nickname _anо.ni.m. The vacancies were posted on other local websites with ads.

There are inaccuracies in the text of the advertisements themselves. In particular, it is stated that the applicant for the vacancy of a surgeon must have mastered “transplantation methods”. However, fact-checkers were unable to find a definition of “transplantation methods”.

The list of duties of a “driver-courier” includes the item “delivery of biomaterials in Ukraine and abroad by automobile and motorcycle transport”. However, firstly, travel outside of Ukraine is prohibited for most military-liable men, although, of course, there are exceptions.

“Black transplantology” in Ukraine is a conspiracy theory that Russians have been developing for a decade. The constant return to the topic testifies to its importance for Russia. These messages are promoted to both domestic and international audiences. However, their refutation in foreign and Ukrainian media prevents the campaign from having the desired effect. Among the goals pursued by Russian propaganda within the framework of this topic are discrediting the military-political leadership of Ukraine and reducing trust in it, creating a negative image of the state in the eyes of the international community, and justifying a full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Read also: How and why Russia uses the topic of “black transplantology” in Ukraine

Conspiracy theories are an important tool of Russian propaganda, especially when it is necessary to discredit or undermine trust in international organizations such as the European Union (EU). The Center for Countering Disinformation at the National Security and Defense Council explained this using the example of the spread of conspiracy theories regarding the new composition of the European Commission, in particular messages aimed at discrediting EU institutions and their officials.

Russian propaganda actively uses the idea of an “inevitable crisis” as one of the main means of manipulating public opinion. In this case, the main message is that the new composition of the European Commission will allegedly lead to a “deep political and economic crisis in European countries”. Forecasts of such crises without specific facts or evidence are typical of conspiracy theories, since they easily cause fear and anxiety among the audience.

One of the main targets of this disinformation campaign is the new EU Enlargement Commissioner Marta Kos. Propagandists create conspiracy theories about abuses in the accession process of new countries to the EU, which undermines confidence in the EU enlargement process and causes fear among the population of EU member states. Using a specific person as a target is a typical strategy to divert attention from real problems and create an artificial enemy.

Another manipulation is the use of the new European Commissioner for Defense to promote the thesis of the transformation of the EU into a military-political bloc. This element corresponds to a typical conspiracy theory template, when changes in organizations are interpreted as part of a large and hidden plan that is aggressive or hostile in nature. In this way, Russian propaganda spreads fears among Europeans about a possible direct military conflict between the EU and Russia.

Another key element of propaganda is the manipulation of the topic of budgetary flows distribution in the EU. This is done to undermine trust between EU member states by speculating on issues of fairness and honesty of resource distribution. This approach contributes to the growth of tensions and conflicts within the European Union.

The main goal of the campaign is to provoke internal divisions within the EU. This is done by discrediting European institutions through the dissemination of conspiracy theories that question the legitimacy and fairness of EU processes. Russian propaganda also tries to hinder support for Ukraine’s struggle for independence and economic stability by weakening international ties through disinformation.

Conspiracy theories used by Russian propagandists are a complex mixture of catastrophic predictions, manipulation of facts and intimidation aimed at weakening European unity. These methods help Russia not only to spread disinformation, but also to create mistrust in the processes of integration and cooperation between European countries, which in the long term could have a destructive impact on the EU and its policy towards Ukraine.

American economist Jeffrey Sachs claimed that the US allegedly “organized a conspiracy” to overthrow the regime of Viktor Yanukovych in Ukraine in February 2014. In addition, according to the economist, the US wanted to use the opportunity to “get to Russia” and support the “jihadist movement inside Russia” during the Chechen wars. Supposedly, this is why Russian aggression against Ukraine is actually American.

The claim that the United States orchestrated a “plot” to overthrow President Viktor Yanukovych in February 2014 is baseless and manipulative. The events of the Revolution of Dignity in Ukraine, which led to the resignation of Yanukovych, were caused by mass popular protests over his decision to abandon the course of European integration and sign an agreement with Russia. It was an internal protest of the Ukrainian people against corruption and an authoritarian regime, not external interference. Unlike Russia’s aggressive actions in annexing Crimea and carrying out military aggression in the Donbas, the United States did not interfere in the internal affairs of Ukraine with the aim of removing its president.

Jeffrey Sachs is trying to present the war in Ukraine not as a result of Russia’s aggressive policy, but as a consequence of American influence on post-Soviet countries. This is a distortion of the essence of the war. Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022, like the annexation of Crimea in 2014, was initiated by Russia without justification. Ukraine is defending its independence and territorial integrity, and the United States and other Western countries support it in this fight in accordance with international law.

This message is an attempt to shift responsibility for Russian aggression to the United States and distort the essence of the conflict in Ukraine. It is based on baseless accusations and conspiracy theories that have no confirmation from authoritative international sources. The war in Ukraine is the result of Russian aggression, and US support is aimed at protecting the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine within the framework of international law.

Propagandists are spreading a conspiracy theory that Democratic presidential candidate Kamala Harris allegedly wore earphone earrings during the September 10 debates, according to the rules of their conduct. They say that is why the other candidate, Donald Trump, looked losing against her background. However, this theory is unfounded. It was refuted by journalists from The Washington Post.

Rumors that Kamala Harris' earrings are hidden headphones may have arisen from misinterpretations of photographs or videos. Conspiracy theorists note that Harris' earrings allegedly resemble headphones available for sale. However, upon closer inspection, journalists found that the earrings are not headphones and were found for sale.

The spread of this conspiracy theory has occurred primarily through social media and “alternative” media, which specialize in spreading unverified information. Conspiracy theories are often used to discredit political opponents or create distrust in the political process. This theory against Kamala Harris is actively used by the Russians and is part of their larger strategy to undermine her credibility and credibility as a politician, especially given that the candidate expressed support for Ukraine during this debate. Such conspiracy theories fuel polarization in American society and distract attention from important issues.

The “LGBT chemicals” conspiracy theory claims that certain chemicals added to food, water supplies, or vaccines supposedly have the ability to change a person’s sexual orientation, making them homosexual or bisexual. These chemicals are said to be intentionally distributed by governments or international organizations to reduce birth rates or control populations. Proponents of this conspiracy theory often use terms like “gay bombs” or “fluoridation” to describe these chemicals.

There is no scientifically proven evidence to support the existence of chemicals that can change a person's sexual orientation. Sexual orientation is a complex phenomenon that is influenced by genetic, biological, psychological, and social factors. The scientific community widely accepts that there are no chemicals that can have a significant impact on orientation.

Medical organizations like the American Psychiatric Association (APA) deny the possibility of “chemical influences” on sexual orientation. They emphasize that sexual orientation is not subject to change due to external influences of this type. This conspiracy theory is built on the manipulation of fears and prejudices of people in the LGBT community. Instead of real facts, its proponents use emotional arguments and false data to cause panic and distrust of scientific and medical institutions.

Russian propaganda uses the LGBT chemical conspiracy theory for several purposes. It attempts to portray Western countries as deliberately distributing dangerous substances in order to destroy traditional values and social order. This serves to undermine trust in Western governments and international organizations. Russian propaganda has traditionally been against LGBT rights, using such conspiracy theories to discredit the LGBT community and increase homophobia in society. Propaganda actively uses this theory to support nationalist sentiments, presenting the West as a threat to traditional values and cultural identity.

Russian propaganda is spreading a new conspiracy theory, which can be called the “Ukrainian deepstate theory”. It is built on the misconception that in Ukraine there is a hidden conflict between the military and political leadership, which allegedly undermines the unity of the state. This theory is based on a distorted and inverted view of the original deep state theory, which describes a secret, invisible force or group of influence that governs a country in defiance of the official government, taking into account not national, but exclusively hidden personal interests.

According to a new theory, there is a hidden power struggle in Ukraine between President Volodymyr Zelenskyi, military leaders such as Valerii Zaluzhnyi, Oleksandr Syrskyi and other influential figures, in particular Kyrylo Budanov. Russian propagandists claim that these figures are allegedly acting against the interests of the state, engaging in intrigue and preparing secret plans that will lead to the political collapse of the country.

In fact, there is no basis for the existence of such a conspiracy. Ukrainian military and political leadership operates in close coordination. Conspiracy theories like the “Ukrainian deepstate” have no basis in reality and are part of a broader Russian disinformation campaign. The theory of the “Ukrainian deepstate” is nothing more than an attempt by Russian propaganda to transfer a Western concept to Ukrainian realities in order to sow distrust among citizens and international partners of Ukraine.

Russian propaganda is trying to create the illusion that Ukraine is supposedly torn by internal conflicts and intrigues, which makes it weak and vulnerable, unlike Russia, where there should supposedly be no contradictions among political figures. Such messages are aimed at undermining faith in the ability of the Ukrainian leadership to effectively combat Russian aggression and ensure security and stability in the country, putting a false sign between dictatorship and stability.

The court's decision to detain the once leading 1+1 TV channel and others, and now Russian propagandist Zhan Novoseltsev in Ukraine, allegedly demonstrates exemplary punishment of citizens who defend their rights. Propagandists claim this.

The Center for Strategic Communications and Information Security explains that Zhan Novoseltsev is not a journalist or human rights activist, but is known as a distributor of fakes and an ally of anti-vaccination activist Ostap Stakhiv. On July 23, the Security Service of Ukraine detained him for calls for armed resistance against the Territorial centers of recruitment and social support workers and attempts to destabilize the situation in the country. Novoseltsev and his accomplices, including pseudo-experts and administrators of online communities, disseminated false information about the Ukrainian military and published personal data of Ukrainian defenders and law enforcement officers. All of them pretended to be journalists, the SBU reports. Novoseltsev also spread conspiracy theories and fake news about the war and energy situation in Ukraine.

Russian propaganda uses this information drive to discredit the Ukrainian authorities and create distrust in state institutions. This is part of an information war aimed at weakening internal unity and damaging its international reputation.

The message that Ukraine and its government are allegedly “curtailing religious freedoms” by banning the activities of the Moscow Patriarchate of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (UOC-MP) has become increasingly popular in Western conservative circles and has become systemic, as they have long been spread by conspiracy theorists. They claim and convince human rights activists and Western political elites that Ukraine’s actions against the UOC-MP are allegedly aimed at suppressing religious freedom and sabotaging Russian culture.

Supporters of this theory note that such actions by Ukraine are exclusively politically motivated. They believe that measures like the bill to restrict the activities of the UOC-MP are aimed at strengthening “Russophobia” in Ukraine and “artificially strengthening” national identity, separated from Russian cultural and religious ties. They say that such actions by the authorities are not something “natural” from Ukraine.

According to this theory, attempts to limit the activities of the UOC-MP in Ukraine are classified as a “witch hunt”. They say that they are humiliated only because they represent an alternative view of all the events currently taking place in Ukraine, especially after the start of a full-scale Russian invasion. Proponents of this theory believe that this is an attempt to limit the religious rights of Ukrainian Orthodox Christians, which allegedly undermines the image of Ukraine as a legal and free country.

Conspiracy theorists also suggest that Western countries, in particular the United States and European states, are encouraging or supporting Ukraine's actions against the Moscow Patriarchate. They say this is part of a broader strategy to weaken Russia and expand Western influence in Eastern Europe. Therefore, the theory of “church persecution in Ukraine” is closely intertwined with the theory of “cultural attrition of Russia”, since such actions of Ukraine are described as efforts directed against Russian culture and heritage within its borders. The purpose of this, according to conspiracy theorists, is the deliberate destruction of the Moscow Patriarchate, which is “at the heart” of Russian values and culture. They say that the West is leading Ukraine to “immorality and disaster”, while Russia is defending “traditional values” in Ukraine.

This conspiracy theory exaggerates the scale and intentions of the Ukrainian government's actions. Although legal and administrative measures have been taken against individual members of the Moscow Patriarchate, they are often based on specific allegations of wrongdoing rather than on a general policy of religious suppression. Ukraine has repeatedly justified its actions against the Moscow Patriarchate on legal and security grounds. The Moscow Patriarchate has taken an active role in supporting pro-Russian separatism in the country and is seen as an intermediary of Russian political influence. Due to its close connection with the Russian political elite, the UOC-MP is suspected of espionage and undermining Ukrainian sovereignty.

In 2018, the Orthodox Church of Ukraine (OCU) was created, which received autocephaly (independence) from the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. This move was seen as a significant step towards Russian religious independence. The creation of the OCU was supported by the Ukrainian government, and Moscow perceived it as a threat to its influence. In particular, Russian propaganda is trying in every possible way to discredit the OCU and its activities, launching a large number of fakes and manipulations in relation to it. They say that the OCU is not a real church, but the UOC-MP is real. Thus, Russia divides people into “right” and “wrong” based on religious preferences.

On July 15, 2024, an assassination attempt was made on Donald Trump. The incident occurred during his speech at one of his election rallies in Butler. The attacker opened fire, but Trump was evacuated in time and was not seriously injured. Propagandists took advantage of this information drive and began to massively disseminate a number of conspiracy theories on this topic.

Joe Biden's Order

Propagandists and members of Trump's team, in particular his vice presidential candidate J.D. Vance, claim that current US President Joe Biden allegedly ordered the assassination attempt on Trump in order to eliminate him as a political rival. They say that after the disastrous debate and a number of ensuing scandals, Biden and his team were left with no other options other than to physically eliminate Trump in the elections.

Supporters of this theory claim that Biden allegedly hinted at the need to eliminate Trump, including in the literal sense. They also accuse journalists of stirring up the atmosphere around the ex-president, which could become a trigger for the attacker. Conspiracy theorists also accuse Biden that the US Secret Service (the security detail assigned to every living US president, sitting or not) did not do enough to protect Trump or even personally have a hand in the incident after Biden directed it.

A number of US Democratic Party figures, including Biden himself and Barack Obama, condemned the attack. The current president said that the fight between him and Trump should take place exclusively within the framework of elections, and the use of violence against one of the candidates is unacceptable. He also promised to tighten security for Trump.

Ukraine is to blame for everything

Conspiracy theorists and Russian propagandists also began to spread the theory that Ukraine was involved in the assassination attempt on Trump. They say that Trump’s anti-Ukrainian rhetoric during the election campaign, and especially the situation around the aid package adopted by Congress, is a motive for this. Conspiracy theorists say: Ukraine has been resorting to such methods for a long time, so this would not be anything strange. As an example, they point to the fact that the Ukrainians allegedly blew up Nord Stream 2.

Deep State

According to this theory, the assassination attempt on Trump was organized by an invisible power structure within the US government (deep state), which wants to destroy Trump because of his anti-system policies. Detector Media previously wrote about this theory and its main messages, in which Trump is the main character.

Proponents of this theory exploit the current crisis of trust in government structures, partly related to the previous theory, since the “deep state” is also associated with the US Democratic Party.

Red Herring

There is also a theory that the assassination attempt was allegedly staged by Trump supporters or his team to divert attention from other political scandals surrounding him, particularly court cases, and also to give him a final advantage in the election campaign. Current opinion polls show that even after all the tension surrounding the Biden campaign, the gap between the candidates is minimal.

Russia uses these conspiracy theories to achieve several strategic goals. In particular, the spread of conspiracy theories contributes to increasing political division and mistrust between different groups of the population of the United States. With their help, Russians also undermine trust in democratic institutions and the electoral process as a whole. Spreading disinformation about other countries helps Russia divert the attention of its citizens from domestic economic and political problems. It also reinforces the illusion that Russia is still influencing the international agenda and advancing its geopolitical interests by weakening its main adversaries.

Conspiracy theorists and propagandists using this theory argue that the Ukrainian government is deliberately erasing the Russian language and culture from public life, education and the media, and therefore infringes on its speakers and creates a reason for Russia to protect them on the territory of Ukraine. They say that Ukraine is allegedly being pushed to do this by the West, which is using it as an instrument of its hybrid war against Russia.

One of the triggers for this theory is the issue of language. Legislative initiatives, such as the Language Law, which requires the use of Ukrainian in educational institutions, government agencies and the media, are considered by supporters of this theory as oppression of the Russian-speaking population. The closure or reformatting of Russian-language schools is also perceived.

Changes in school textbooks, which focus on the glorification of Ukrainian national heroes and emphasize the negative aspects of the joint history with Russia, are seen as a way of artificially creating an anti-Russian narrative. Conspiracy theorists also provide confirmation of their arguments by the fact that Russian literature and history are excluded from educational curricula. The introduction of restrictions on the broadcasting of Russian television channels and radio stations, as well as the ban on Russian books and films, has the same reaction. They say this proves that Ukraine is not a democratic and European country. All these elements are the main components of this theory.

Russian propaganda actively uses this theory to strengthen anti-Ukrainian sentiments both within the country and in the international arena, carrying out the replacement of concepts and using tactics of reflection, since it was Russia for centuries that tried to erase Ukrainian culture and show it as inferior. The Ukrainian government is portrayed as exclusively nationalistic and persecuting Russian-speaking citizens and suppressing their rights. In view of this, Russia presents itself as a defender of the Russian-speaking population, both in Ukraine and in other countries in the region, justifying its aggressive policies.

The spread of false information about linguistic and cultural repression within Ukraine is also aimed at causing the international community to question the legitimacy of the Ukrainian government's actions. To do this, Russia uses international platforms and media in an attempt to influence public opinion and reduce the level of support for Ukraine abroad.

The use of the theory of “cultural attrition” is also necessary to mobilize public support within Russia, emphasizing the need to protect the “brotherly people”. By portraying Ukraine's policies as dictated by the West, propaganda attempts to stoke anti-Western sentiment and fears of loss of cultural identity.

The Ukrainian “energy manipulation” conspiracy theory is one of the new conspiracy theories, according to which the West is allegedly deliberately provoking an energy crisis by supporting Ukraine. Proponents of this theory believe that the United States and European countries are using the war in Ukraine to achieve their own economic and political goals, in particular, increasing energy prices and increasing the profits of their energy corporations. They say that the main problem is the “shortage of oil and gas” in the EU, and the attacks on the Ukrainian energy grid are allegedly fiction or exaggeration.

Conspiracy theorists claim that the West is allegedly deliberately creating a shortage of energy resources through sanctions against Russia. Propagandists note that sanctions lead to higher prices on world markets, which benefits Western energy companies. Part of the theory also includes the idea that energy companies are using the situation to strengthen their position in the market, increasing their income and influence with governments, without thinking about ordinary residents.

By spreading and using this theory, Russians are replacing the concept in the current situation. The main reason for the crisis in the energy sector is Russian aggression against Ukraine, which results in sanctions against Russian energy resources and attacks on Ukraine’s energy infrastructure.

This conspiracy theory is actively spread by Russians through social networks, blogs and alternative media. It is often accompanied by misinformation and distorted facts, making it difficult to refute. The main goal of such conspiracies is to undermine trust in governments, international organizations and traditional media. For example, disseminating reports that electricity in Ukraine is being turned off allegedly in collusion with the Territorial center of recruitment and social support for easier mobilization. However, in fact, these shutdowns are not related to the mobilization process in Ukraine.

Russia is using this conspiracy theory in its information war against Ukraine and the West to justify its military aggression against Ukraine. They say that its actions are a response to the West’s “economic war” against Russia. This conspiracy theory is helping to fuel anti-Western sentiment both within Russia and among international audiences. This undermines trust in Western governments and their actions. The spread of this theory also contributes to the destabilization of the unity of Western countries and leads to internal disputes in European countries and the United States over their policies of support for Ukraine and sanctions against Russia.

Propagandists are distributing an image on social networks that allegedly proves that the Ukrainian language is a “dialect” of Russian. In this they refer to various organizations, mentioning “UN decisions” and other “documents”. They also mention an article on the Russian Dzen platform on the same topic. However, this is manipulation.

Specialists from the StopFake project drew attention to it. They found out that an article on Dzen talks about how in 2018, People’s Deputy of Ukraine Andrii Teteruk discovered infographics on the official UN accounts on Facebook and then on Twitter that showed the development of languages. This image showed a branch with the inscription “Old Russian language”, which branched into “Russian language” and “Belarusian language”, and another branch branched off from the Russian branch - “Ukrainian language”. After the deputy addressed the UN with reproaches for anti-Ukrainian propaganda, the image was deleted from Facebook, but remained in a 2017 publication on Twitter.

However, the text of the publication did not note that the Ukrainian language is a dialect of Russian. The post informed that UNESCO had published an updated version of the atlas of endangered languages and most of the text was devoted to Russia and its language problems.

Previously, a mention of this image was found in the material of Petro Zolin on the website proza.ru dated August 26, 2008, where the author calls it a “scientific reconstruction”. However, there are many strange aspects in the image, such as the origin of the Moldovan language from French and Romanian from Spanish. Recognized historians in Russia itself consider Zolin’s ideas to be pseudoscience. Candidate of Historical Sciences Artur Chubur notes that under the guise of patriotism, which often turns into chauvinism, pseudo-historical publications and resources are actively promoted.

The hypothesis about the existence of a vast group of related languages of Europe, Asia and Africa was first put forward in 1903 by the Danish linguist Holger Pedersen. It was given a scientific form by Soviet scientists, but it is often criticized by Western linguists.

StopFake journalists did not find any “UN documents” proving that the Ukrainian language is a dialect of Russian. At the same time, UNESCO Director General Audrey Azoulay noted that the Russian language has been formed over the centuries, mixing various Slavic dialects, Church Slavonic and even Greek.

Propagandists spread such manipulations to justify Russia's actions and devalue Ukrainian national identity. So, she helps spread the conspiracy theory that Ukraine is not a real state.

Propaganda resources spread fake information about the US intention to reduce the world population. They refer to a video of US Vice President Kamala Harris without any context.

Myth Detector specialists drew attention to this. They explained that in a speech on July 14, Harris accidentally misspoke, saying the word “population” instead of “pollution”. The sentence came out: “When we invest in clean energy and electric vehicles and reduce population, more of our children will be able to breathe clean air and drink clean water”. The error was corrected in the official transcript released by the White House after the speech. However, propagandists continued to spread information that Harris was allegedly trying to combat climate change by reducing the population.

Russian propagandists use the vice-presidential clause to add to numerous conspiracy theories about the United States. In addition, on the eve of the US elections this year, they are trying to discredit American politicians and undermine their authority. This contributes to even greater polarization of society. This fake also distracts attention from other problems that are supposedly less significant.

Russian propagandists are actively spreading the conspiracy theory “Eurabia” (Europe + Arabia), according to which the mass migration of Muslims to European countries will allegedly lead to gradual Islamization and the loss of European culture, identity and political independence. The theory arose at the intersection of anti-immigrant and Islamophobic sentiments, and is also popular among far-right groups and used as a political tool.

Conspiracy theorists claim that there is a deliberate plan to increase the number of Muslim immigrants in Europe to displace the indigenous population. They accuse European politicians and the media of promoting Muslim immigration under the guise of political correctness, multiculturalism and human rights. Proponents of the theory fear that the growth of the Muslim population will lead to the disappearance of European traditions, cultural norms and Christian values. Conspiracy theorists also play on fears of the introduction of a replacement of the secular system of law with Sharia (rules of Muslim law, religious and ritual guidelines) and the strengthening of the political influence of Muslim communities, which, in their opinion, could lead to the loss of democratic freedoms and rights.

This conspiracy theory is based on inciting hatred, xenophobia and Islamophobia. Scientific research and demographic data do not support predictions about the rapid Islamization of Europe. This conspiracy theory contradicts the idea of multiculturalism and the inherent tolerance of cultural diversity in the European value system. In addition, allegations of a deliberate plan for “Islamization” have no factual evidence, but are based on false beliefs and stereotypes.

Russia and its propaganda use this theory to justify its aggression against Ukraine and show its “superiority” over the West. They say that Russia is proactive and really wants to “protect” Europe from the Muslim invasion. One of the indicators of Russia’s professing of this theory is its increased support for European right-wing radical movements that are disseminating this theory in the political dimension.

Propaganda resources are spreading reports that Ukrainian oligarchs, who control Ukraine's strategic energy sector, deliberately turn off electricity in the summer. Thus, they allegedly want to divert the attention of Ukrainians from “Zelenskyi’s illegitimacy”, demoralize and control them.

In fact, such statements are fake, write the Center for Strategic Communications and Information Security at the Ministry of Culture and Information Policy of Ukraine. The culprits behind the blackouts are the Russians, who are terroristically targeting Ukraine's critical energy infrastructure. By doing so, they seek to plunge Ukrainians into darkness and provoke a humanitarian crisis in Ukraine.

In addition, Russian propaganda circulates conspiracy theories in the information space with the aim of psychologically influencing Ukrainians, saying that the limitation of electricity supply is “unmotivated”.

Previously, we analyzed the media manipulation of Russian propaganda, which consisted in the fact that the energy sector in Ukraine was allegedly protected only with sandbags costing two billion hryvnia.

Russian propagandists are actively spreading a conspiracy theory according to which the West is allegedly conducting a secret operation to destroy world leaders who do not support Western policies and oppose “globalist interests”. Proponents of this theory believe that the attack on Slovak Prime Minister Robert Fico and the helicopter crash carrying Iranian leader Ibrahim Raisi may be interconnected and part of a broader Western plan. Detector Media has already looked at this case in more detail.

Conspiracy theorists focus on “target identification”. They say the attempts against them are politically motivated. In particular, Fico does not support Western political interests, especially in the context of Russian aggression against Ukraine. Ibrahim Raise had an open anti-Western position. Proponents of the theory also refer to “precedents” that allegedly indicate that the West has been using such methods for a long time. For example, they recall the case of Imran Khan, the Pakistani prime minister who visited Russia after the outbreak of the war in Ukraine and is now in prison with his wife. Shinzo Abe, the former Japanese prime minister, was also allegedly killed precisely because he tried to improve relations with Russia. Although in fact the investigation found that Abe was killed for his support of religious sects.

Raisi's helicopter made a hard emergency landing. It was caused by heavy fog, but even propagandists explain the unfavorable weather conditions as politics. But the man who attempted to assassinate the Prime Minister of Slovakia could be associated with the pro-Russian paramilitary group Slovenskí Branci, which does not really agree with the Russian version of the “Ukrainian trace”.

This conspiracy theory is connected with the theory of the new world order, according to which the war in Ukraine is supposedly not the actions of Russia, but a plan of the globalists. Using a combination of these, Russia wants to deepen its population's mistrust of the West, justify its actions and make Western support for Ukraine toxic and dangerous. Like, if you don’t do everything the States tell you, your leader will be killed. This situation is an example of how propagandists use conspiracy theories to explain current events.

Propagandists are disseminating information that the wife of Juraj Chintula, who shot Slovak Prime Minister Robert Fico, is allegedly a “refugee from Ukraine” and incited her husband to take revenge on Fico because of his critical position towards Ukraine. The Russians claim that the woman was allegedly arrested, but do not specify the charges. Some Russian social media users call Chintula’s actions a “SBU operation”, comparing them to terrorist attacks in Russia, and point out that the shooter had pro-Ukrainian views.

In fact, Juraj Chintula’s wife is not a Ukrainian refugee and did not incite her husband to take revenge on Fico. This was found out by specialists from the StopFake project.

According to Slovak media, Chintula’s wife worked as a teacher at a gymnasium. However, they do not mention anywhere that she is Ukrainian. Neighbors describe them as a “very friendly couple” who have lived together for decades and have two adult children, far longer than the concept of “Ukrainian refugees” from Russian aggression against Ukraine has existed.

According to the Slovak website Pluska.sk, Chintula's wife was summoned for questioning in connection with the attempted murder of Robert Fico. She was accompanied by investigators as she left the apartment, covering her face. Juraj Chintula was a former miner, bodyguard and writer. The couple's son Chintul is also in shock and does not know his father's motives. Elenka, Chintula's wife, hides her face for fear of persecution.

The motive for his assassination attempt on Robert Fico in the press was initially disapproval of government policies. However, according to Euronews, investigative journalist Szabolcs Panyi found Facebook posts where Chintula supported the pro-Russian paramilitary group Slovenski Branci, known for ties to the Kremlin. According to TV Markiza, Chintula planned the attack several days in advance, having legally owned the weapon for more than 30 years.

Robert Fico was wounded after a government meeting in the city of Handlove. He is now in hospital in Banska Bystrica, his condition is serious. Police charged 71-year-old Chintul with attempted revenge murder.

The fakes about the “Ukrainian trace” in the assassination attempt on Fico are an attempt by Russian propaganda to discredit Ukraine in the international arena and deprive it of support.

The “deep state”, according to conspiracy theorists, is a hidden network of members of the federal government (particularly in the US intelligence agencies) who collaborate with high-ranking financial and industrial institutions to control the elected government of the United States from within.

However, the term first emerged in the 1990s as a reference to the “deep state” in Turkey. It also has its roots in at least the 1950s, but back then it meant more of the concept of the military-industrial complex, which involves the collusion of generals and defense equipment manufacturers who enrich themselves due to endless wars in other countries. Subsequently, it began to be used for the American government, especially during the administration of President Barack Obama in a slightly different context. The theory gained widespread publicity during the presidency of Donald Trump, who spoke of a “deep state” allegedly working against him and his policies. Trump's use of his social media account Twitter (now X), along with other elements of right-wing populist movements during his presidency, helped develop the theory into one of the fundamental elements of the QAnon movement.

Public opinion polls conducted in 2017 and 2018 indicate that about half of all Americans believe in the existence of the deep state.

Russian propagandists use this theory in different contexts on the topic of Ukraine. In particular, they are trying to justify the actions of the Russians by saying that it is in fact the United States that is subservient to the elites and artificially continuing the war. Proponents of the conspiracy theory argue that the rich and intelligence agencies are pushing the parties towards war and even determine US policy, so elections are supposedly meaningless, and Ukraine cannot end the war with victory. Or that in general both Russia and Ukraine are supposedly pawns in their hands and they need to go and negotiate peace. In addition, in this way they also express their distrust not only of the United States, but also increase their distrust of Ukrainian institutions and the state as a whole. Like, if this is how the States work, then in Ukraine, especially, everything is controlled by a limited elite and special services.

Propagandists use various conspiracy theories to justify the crimes of Russians, as well as to discredit the Ukrainian government and its foreign partners. In this case we are talking about the theory of “currency wars”.

The theory comes from a book by Chinese author Song Hongbin called Currency Wars, first published in 2007 and re-released in 2009. Literary critics call it the first known book in the genre of economic nationalism. According to the book, Western countries are allegedly controlled by a group of private banks manipulated by the countries' central banks. In 2009, more than 200 thousand copies were sold, plus about 400 thousand unofficial copies in free circulation. The book became a bestseller in China; it has been read by many government officials and business leaders across the country. However, it has been criticized in Western media as spreading false information and being based on conspiracy theories. The New York Times criticized the book at the time for promoting anti-Semitic conspiracy theories.

According to Hongbin and supporters of his theory, these large private banks that allegedly control countries use currency manipulation to enrich themselves by first lending money in US dollars to developing countries and then selling their currencies. They say that this is why a number of financial crises occurred, including the “Japanese lost decade”, the Asian financial crisis of 1997, the Latin American financial crisis, etc. It is also claimed that the Rothschild family has a fortune of 5 trillion dollars, while Bill Gates has only 40 billion. Like, it is this family that controls the world and creates a new world order. Conspiracy theorists also believe that the US Federal Reserve System is allegedly not a government agency, but several private banks controlled by the interests of the Rothschild family.

Russian propagandists began to spread this theory in the context of providing military and financial assistance to Ukraine, as well as the sanctions policies of its allies. This theory has acquired particular proportions in TikTok, where users are being intimidated with its help by the collapse of the global financial system. They say that with sanctions against Russia, the West is only making the ruble stronger due to the influence of the state, while the American economy is declining. In addition, there are supporters of this theory who claim that the war is exclusively economic in nature, and Ukraine is only an attempt to externally redistribute the world. However, just like the assertion that the US Federal Reserve is not a government institution, the versions of conspiracy theorists about the reasons for the Russian full-scale invasion are not true.